Acute postoperative pain management in oral surgery remains challenged by several persistent issues: irrational opioid prescribing, insufficient analgesia from single-agent regimens, and the absence of standardized stratified care pathways tailored to different surgical procedures. Multimodal analgesia achieves superior pain relief while reducing opioid exposure by simultaneously targeting peripheral inflammation, nociceptive input, and central pain modulation. This narrative review systematically examines oral pain pathways and grading systems, first-line non-opioid analgesics, centrally acting analgesics, perioperative strategies for different surgical approaches, safety risks, and sustained-release drug delivery systems. Available clinical evidence supports Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) used alone or in combination with acetaminophen as first-line therapy for pain following most dental extractions, root canal treatments, and implant surgeries. Opioid agents should be reserved for short-term use only in a small subset of patients with severe breakthrough pain who fail to respond to non-opioid treatments. Tramadol is not recommended as a routine alternative analgesic, and gabapentinoids are not advised for routine use in inflammatory postoperative oral pain. A 2026 systematic review focused on third molar surgery indicates that pregabalin may provide limited pain relief, but with high study heterogeneity and a significantly increased risk of adverse events, which does not support its routine use as a first-line agent. Liposomal and other sustained-release delivery systems can prolong local drug release, however, their real clinical benefits, tissue safety, cost-effectiveness, and standardized preparation in dental practice still require further high-quality clinical evidence. A multimodal clinical pathway based on preoperative risk screening, intraoperative long-acting local anesthesia, and postoperative step-up/step-down analgesic adjustment guided by pain and functional impairment grading can provide a reference for oral surgeons to develop short-course, opioid-sparing, and re-evaluable analgesic regimens.

Borderline Ovarian Tumors (BOTs) are common ovarian epithelial tumors with biological behavior between benign and malignant lesions. The annual incidence of BOTs is approximately 4.5 per 100,000 population, which increases with age, starting from the 15–19 age group and peaking at 55–59 years. However, BOTs occurring in adolescents accompanied by giant tumors have a relatively low incidence and are rarely reported in the literature. This article reports the clinical diagnosis and treatment process of a 14-year-old adolescent with a giant borderline ovarian tumor complicated by ovarian pedicle torsion. The clinical features, intraoperative management and postoperative outcomes were reviewed, and the key points of diagnosis and treatment of this disease were analyzed in combination with relevant literature, so as to improve clinicians' understanding of this disease. At present, fertility-sparing surgery is the main treatment modality for BOTs patients with fertility needs. Postoperative chemotherapy and other supplementary treatments are not routinely recommended, and long-term follow-up is required after surgery.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to striatal dopamine depletion and resulting motor (e.g., tremor, bradykinesia) and non-motor symptoms (e.g., cognitive decline and sleep abnormalities). Current treatment strategies mainly focus on dopamine replacement therapy and deep brain stimulation. Although these methods can temporarily relieve symptoms, they cannot reverse nerve damage, and long-term use is associated with obvious side effects and potential risks. There is thus an urgent clinical need for new radical treatment methods. Stem cell therapy, leveraging self-renewal, multi-directional differentiation and paracrine regulation, has become a research hotspot in the field of PD treatment, bringing new hope for the radical cure of PD. This review synthesizes the research status and core issues of stem cell therapy for PD, offering practical insights for future research and clinical trials, and promoting the standardization and interdisciplinary development of regenerative neuroscience.

This dissertation investigates how the gut microbiota impacts Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), a project that spans three core disciplines: rheumatology, microbiology, and immunobiology. It first outlines the key changes in the gut microbiome observed in rheumatoid arthritis. It also examines possible mechanisms linking the gut to joint inflammation, such as impaired intestinal barrier function and ongoing inflammatory processes. In addition, the potential use of the gut microbiome as a diagnostic biomarker is considered. The findings demonstrate the effects of gut microbiome dysbiosis on the progression of rheumatoid arthritis, providing a connection to clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. The literature review elaborates on the autoimmune nature of RA, details its inducing factors—genetics and the environment—and explains how serum biomarkers and the mucosal hypothesis link inflammatory responses to microbial dysbiosis, in turn triggering abnormal autoimmune activity and ultimately leading to the onset of the disease. The discussion section conducts a two-sided analysis of existing medical technologies for RA diagnosis and treatment, evaluating their promising prospects. For instance, the detection of several bacterial taxa with significant abundance changes enables the identification of the disease in patients at the early stage or even before its onset, and targeted probiotic supplementation and drug administration can be adopted to ameliorate microbial dysbiosis. At the same time, the limitations of existing studies, such as one-sided research outcomes caused by the failure to account for all confounding variables, are also pointed out. The dissertation concludes that current medical advances have achieved effective improvements in mitigating RA's adverse impact on human health. However, the presence of numerous uncertain variables means that scientists have not yet developed a fully validated and comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic protocol that can be fully trusted. The compilation of this dissertation is based on the analysis of literature on RA itself and related clinical test reports, together with personal perspectives formed throughout the research process.

Persistent high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major cause of cervical cancer. The integration of HPV DNA into human genome is key event during cervical carcinogenesis. However, the viral integration profiles in precancerous lesion samples remain incompletely characterized. Here, this study identified HPV-human genome integration breakpoints in cervical precancerous lesion through high-risk HPV genome capture sequencing of 500 Thinprep Cytologic Test (TCT) samples. After sequencing reads alignment, breakpoints identification, contamination removal, and functional annotation, this study profiled 476 recurrent integration hotspot genes in our samples. After assigning hotspot genes to different lesion grade, patient age group, and infected HPV subtype according to the recurrent frequency of hotspot genes, this paper further compared the integration profile between above groups. In the comparison of lesion grades, high-grade lesions were more involved in mesenchymal development and membrane structure-related processes, while low-grade lesions were more involved in adhesion connections, cadherin proteins, and β-catenin-related functions. In the age group comparison, muscle cell development and protein kinase C binding were more enriched in elder group, while the genes in younger group were more involved in cell adhesion, catenin complex, and synaptic-related functions. In the HPV type comparison, HPV16/18-related genes mainly involved bicarbonate transport, one-carbon metabolism, and chromatin DNA binding, while other HPV type-related genes more involved cell adhesion, development, and membrane signal-related functions. These findings provide an overview of recurrent HPV integration-related hotspot genes and identify functional themes that may inform further studies of HPV-associated cervical precancerous lesions.

Depression is an important public health problem in the world. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line drugs for the treatment of depression. However, at the beginning of treatment, especially for adolescent patients, such drugs may increase the risk of suicide for a short time. Through a systematic review of relevant literature, this article discusses the nature and magnitude of SSRI-related suicide risk, analyses the main factors affecting this risk, and summarises the intervention methods that can effectively reduce the risk in the treatment of adolescent depression. Research results show that this risk does exist, but there are certain conditions: it only occurs at a certain stage of treatment, and the risks brought by different types of SSRI are also different. Many factors will jointly affect this risk, such as adolescent brains that are not mature, depression itself is serious, patients have other mental diseases, multiple drugs are used together, and individual differences such as age and gender. To control this risk, several strategies can be combined, such as starting with lower doses of medication, strengthening monitoring at an early stage, and dealing with other combined mental illnesses before using an SSRI, while cooperating with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Although the risk of suicide will increase briefly in the early stages of treatment, the therapeutic effect of the SSRI is much greater than this controllable risk. Therefore, SSRI is still used as a front-line drug for adolescent depression.

This paper conducts a systematic review of existing literature in the field of childhood depression, aiming to comprehensively sort out and analyze the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenic risk factors, difficulties in clinical identification, and comprehensive intervention strategies of this group. As a core issue at the intersection of psychiatry, psychology and pedagogy, the negative impacts of depression in children and adolescents have widely penetrated into multiple levels such as society, families and schools. This review covers key dimensions including early warning signals, psychosocial risk factors, disease comorbidity characteristics, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. First, this paper reviews the epidemiological status of this field, highlighting the rising incidence rate and the trend of younger age of onset in recent years; in particular, the increase in incidence among young children has aroused great attention from all walks of life. Second, this paper analyzes the current difficulties faced in clinical identification and diagnosis, including the diagnostic complexity caused by atypical symptom presentation, cognitive biases of guardians and comorbidity. Meanwhile, it focuses on core risk factors such as family environment, academic pressure and childhood trauma. Finally, this paper prospects the future development direction of treatment and intervention, emphasizing the necessity of constructing a comprehensive intervention model combining psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and environmental support, so as to provide scientific references for clinical diagnosis and treatment practice and family prevention work.

Although traditional oral prosthetic approaches such as dental implants and fixed bridges have been widely applied, they are limited by the absence of proprioception and periodontal ligament–mediated buffering. With advances in regenerative medicine, particularly stem-cell technology and tissue engineering, replacing artificial teeth with "bio-teeth" has become a research hotspot in the field of oral rehabilitation. Based on the three core elements of tissue engineering—seed cells, scaffold materials and growth factors—this review summarizes research progress in three major technical routes: pulp-dentin complex regeneration, bio-root regeneration and whole-tooth regeneration, and analyzes the application potential and existing limitations of each route. On this basis, the core challenges facing the clinical translation of regenerative-tooth technology are discussed, including the bottleneck of vascularization, difficulties in morphological control and the complexity of the oral immune microenvironment. A comparative analysis with current mainstream prosthetic schemes is also conducted to explore potential combined-application strategies in the future. In the short term, regenerative teeth cannot completely replace conventional prosthetic treatments and may instead complement existing approaches such as implant restoration and fixed bridges. Current animal studies and limited early-stage clinical trials indicate that regenerative-tooth technology is expected to drive the transformation of oral rehabilitation from the "artificial substitution" mode to "biological reconstruction". Nevertheless, its mature clinical application still requires sustained interdisciplinary collaborative research.

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias are increasingly understood as multicellular disorders in which neurons, glia, and vascular-associated cells may contribute differently to cognitive status and neuropathologic burden. This manuscript summarizes figure-level findings from a postmortem aging and dementia dataset that measured cortical cell-type proportions and tested their associations with dementia diagnosis, cognitive scores, time from last assessment, and common neuropathologies. Across the figures, dementia status was associated with higher astrocyte, L4 Intratelencephalic (IT), and microglia/Perivascular Macrophage (PVM) proportions, whereas no-dementia cases showed higher L2/3 IT and oligodendrocyte proportions. Better cognitive performance on the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was generally associated with higher proportions of selected excitatory neuronal subtypes and lower proportions of inflammatory or vascular-associated glial compartments. Neuropathologic measures, including Alzheimer's disease classification, Braak stage, CERAD score, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA), Lewy body disease, microinfarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and Limbic-predominant Age-related TDP-43 Encephalopathy (LATE), were associated with distinct cell-type profiles. These findings support the interpretation that dementia-related cellular changes are not limited to neuronal loss, but involve coordinated shifts in excitatory neurons, inhibitory interneurons, oligodendroglia, astrocytes, microglia, and vascular-associated populations. Because the current report is based on provided figures rather than the raw dataset, conclusions should be interpreted as exploratory and descriptive.

The research investigates various solutions for voice protection and their effectiveness, and ultimately concludes that hydration is the most effective sole way to achieve voice protection, but combining it with other methods like herbal use and avoiding overuse of vocal cords is optimal. The study reviews the function and mechanism of the vocal cords, finding the reason why people's throats (vocal cords) hurt and listing solutions from current readings. Next, the comparison of different methods, the usefulness of different methods among demographics, and the combination of various ways will be discussed. Finally, the research will evaluate the extent of the effectiveness of hydration in voice protection. The purpose of the study is to identify the ways the vocal cords generate voice, explore reasons why people's throats hurt, and identify different ways of protecting the throats and measure the effectiveness, especially for water hydration, which is the most popular among all methods. Through examining various solutions, the study found a complex process of generating voice and different solutions for protecting the throat. While voice problems have become increasingly serious around the world, fewer people are paying attention to the problems. Thus, the study hopes to increase the visibility of vocal protection and encourage more people, especially voice professionals, to raise their awareness of vocal health.